Financial systems are classified into various types based on their characteristics and structure. One type is the bank-based system, where banks play a central role in financial intermediation, collecting deposits and providing loans to businesses and individuals. Another type is the market-based system, where financial markets are the primary mechanism for allocating funds, facilitating the trading of stocks, bonds, and other financial instruments. Hybrid systems combine elements of both bank-based and market-based systems, striking a balance between the strengths of each approach. Decentralized financial systems, also known as DeFi, leverage blockchain technology to facilitate financial transactions without intermediaries, offering greater transparency and accessibility. Informal financial systems, often found in developing countries, operate outside formal banking structures and include services such as microfinance, rotating savings and credit associations, and traditional lending arrangements within communities.

What Are the Parts of a System?

Components of a System

A system is a group of interrelated components that work together to achieve a common goal. Systems can be simple or complex, and they can be found in all areas of life. Some examples of systems include the human body, a computer, or a business.

The components of a system are typically classified into three categories: inputs, outputs, and processes.

* **Inputs** are the resources that are used by a system. These resources can be physical, such as raw materials or energy, or they can be informational, such as data or instructions.
* **Outputs** are the products or services that are produced by a system.
* **Processes** are the activities that take place within a system to convert inputs into outputs.

The following table summarizes the components of a system and their functions:

Component	Function
Inputs	Resources used by the system
Outputs	Products or services produced by the system
Processes	Activities that convert inputs into outputs

Classification of Financial Systems

Financial systems can be classified into various types based on the level of development, the role of the government, and the structure of the financial institutions. Here are some of the common classifications:

Bank-Based Financial Systems

• Dominated by banks and other depository institutions
• Banks play a central role in mobilizing savings and providing credit
• Example: The United States, the United Kingdom

Market-Based Financial Systems

• Rely heavily on financial markets (stock markets, bond markets)
• Individuals and businesses directly invest in securities
• Example: The United States, the United Kingdom

Ango-Saxon Financial Systems

• Common in English-speaking countries
• Characterized by a market-based approach
• Limited government intervention in financial markets
• Example: The United States, the United Kingdom

Continental European Financial Systems

• Dominated by banks and other financial intermediaries
• Significant government involvement in financial markets
• Example: Germany, France, Switzerland

Islamic Financial Systems

• Compliant with Islamic law (Sharia)
• Prohibit interest-based lending and investing
• Use alternative financial instruments such as profit-sharing and equity participation
• Example: The United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia

Classification of Financial Systems

System Type	Dominant Institutions	Government Role	Examples
Bank-Based	Banks, depository institutions	Limited	United States, United Kingdom
Market-Based	Financial markets (stock, bond)	Minimal	United States, United Kingdom
Ango-Saxon	Financial markets, limited government intervention	Limited	United States, United Kingdom
Continental European	Banks, significant government involvement	Significant	Germany, France, Switzerland
Islamic	Compliant with Sharia law	Significant	United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia

System Analysis Techniques

System analysis techniques are a set of tools and methods used to analyze and improve financial systems. These techniques can help identify inefficiencies, risks, and opportunities for improvement within a financial system. There are several types of system analysis techniques, including:

• Process Mapping
• Data Analysis
• Risk Assessment
• Scenario Planning
• System Modeling

Each of these techniques has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the best approach for a particular analysis will depend on the specific needs of the financial system. It is important to note that system analysis is an iterative process, and the results of one analysis can often lead to further analysis.

Technique	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Process Mapping	Involves creating a visual representation of the processes within a financial system.	Can help identify inefficiencies and redundancies. Can improve communication and understanding of the system.	Can be time-consuming to create. May not be able to capture all aspects of the system.
Data Analysis	Involves collecting and analyzing data about the financial system.	Can identify trends and patterns. Can help quantify the risks and opportunities within the system.	Can be time-consuming and expensive. May not be able to capture all aspects of the system.
Risk Assessment	Involves identifying and assessing the risks within a financial system.	Can help prioritize risks and develop mitigation strategies. Can improve the resilience of the system.	Can be subjective and difficult to quantify. May not be able to identify all risks.
Scenario Planning	Involves developing and analyzing different scenarios that could affect the financial system.	Can help identify potential vulnerabilities and opportunities. Can improve the preparedness of the system.	Can be time-consuming and expensive. May not be able to predict all possible scenarios.
System Modeling	Involves creating a mathematical or computer model of the financial system.	Can help simulate the behavior of the system under different conditions. Can be used to optimize the system and identify potential improvements.	Can be complex and expensive to develop. May not be able to capture all aspects of the system.

System Design Considerations

When designing a financial system, several factors need to be considered, including:

• The size and complexity of the financial system
• The types of financial instruments and transactions that will be processed
• The regulatory environment in which the system will operate
• The need for security and reliability
• The cost of developing and maintaining the system

The design of the financial system will also need to take into account the following:

• The need for flexibility and adaptability
• The ability to integrate with other systems
• The need for scalability

Factor	Description
Size and complexity	The size and complexity of the financial system will determine the level of sophistication required for the system design.
Types of financial instruments and transactions	The types of financial instruments and transactions that will be processed will also influence the system design.
Regulatory environment	The regulatory environment in which the system will operate will need to be taken into account in the system design.
Security and reliability	The need for security and reliability is of paramount importance in the design of a financial system.
Cost	The cost of developing and maintaining the system will also need to be considered in the system design.
Flexibility and adaptability	The need for flexibility and adaptability in the system design is important to accommodate future changes.
Integration	The ability to integrate with other systems is also an important consideration in the system design.
Scalability	The need for scalability in the system design is important to accommodate future growth.

.